叶片叶肉结构对环境光强的适应及对光合作用的影响

本文利用Kubelka-Munk理论描述了平行光在叶片内的吸收和散射,同时利用叶片分层光合作用非直角双曲线光反应模型,给出了整张叶片光合作用计算式。最后利用优化理论阐明了叶片叶肉分化成光合特性具有明显差异的栅栏组织和海绵组织可能是对叶片内光梯度的一种适应;同时证明了叶片叶肉在一定环境光强下存在一个最佳的栅栏组织和海绵组织比例,并且这个比例随环境光强增大而增大,这最佳比例也受叶肉组织光合特性差异的影响。     

Fluorescence Microscopy of Fresh Tissue as a Rapid Technique for Assessing Early Injury to Mesophyll

A technique was developed for sectioning fresh red spruce foliage (Picea rubens Sarg.) for use in fluorescence microscopy. This allowed rapid examination of mesophyll in 3-5 mm needle sections. Healthy, ozone treated and cold stressed needles were examined to assess the utility of this technique for early detection of damage. Healthy mesophyll cells fluoresced bright red, while injured cells fluoresced yellow-green in ozone treated needles, and yellow-orange in frozen needles. Shifts in fluorescence wavelengths may be useful for early detection of injury to mesophyll before it is evident by standard light or electron microscopy.     

植物光合作用限制因素与植被生产力研究进展

随着全球气候变化的加剧,陆地生态系统中植物光合作用限制影响程度的增加已成为降低全球植被净初级生产力的主要因素。系统了解植物光合作用限制因素是科学评估植被生产力的重要前提,也是缓解植物光合作用限制,增加植物光合碳同化能力的先决条件。对植物光合作用限制因素进行了系统解析,分析了光合作用三种限制因素生化限制(Biochemical limitation,l_b)、气孔限制(Stomatal limitation,l_s)、叶肉限制(Mesophyll limitation,l_m)的环境响应,重点讨论了叶肉限制及其影响机理,述评了光合作用限制定量分析方法及改善措施,最后以提高植被生产力为驱使目标,对未来植物光合作用限制因素研究提出以下内容：(1)基因工程技术与系统生物学数据相结合提高植被生产力;(2)气孔响应速度对植物光合作用的影响机制;(3)水通道蛋白(Aquaporin, AQPs)和碳酸酐酶(Carbonic anhydrase, CAs)感知环境信号变化的驱动基因。以期为未来气候变化背景下,深入认识和降低植物光合作用限制,提...     

两种珙桐叶片结构的观察

珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)与它的变种光叶珙桐[Davidia involucrata Baill.var.vilmoriniana(Dode)Wanger.]叶下表皮(即远轴面)差异较大,前者叶下表皮密被淡黄色或淡白色丝状单细胞粗毛,后者叶下表皮无毛或仅叶脉处被稀疏单细胞短毛或丝状粗毛。两者结构基本相似,表皮均由一层细胞构成,气孔仅分布在下表皮,无一定排列方向,为无规则型。叶肉具明显栅栏组织和海绵组织,是典型两面叶。叶脉的机械组织为腔隙厚角组织,维管组织韧皮部位于远轴面,木质部位于近轴面,两者间具形成层。     

Lincomycin-induced alteration in the contents of chlorophyll-protein complexes of dimorphic maize chloroplasts and its effect on the temperature-induced spectral changes

The difference spectroscopy technique has been utilized to investigate the temperature-induced spectral changes in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Ganga-5) in order to assess the role of different pigment-protein complexes in the manifestation of temperature effect on the chloroplast membranes. Cooling and heating of both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts resulted in absorbance difference (AA) bands at similar wavelengths but the degree of absorb-ance changes were significantly higher in bundle sheath chloroplasts. For example, upon cooling to 7-8°C, positive AA bands were observed at 440, 490 and 680 nm in mesophyll chloroplasts and at 440, 495–500 and 680 nm in bundle sheath chloroplasts but the absorbance change at 680 nm was ca 2% in mesophyll chloroplasts, whereas it was ca 5% in bundle sheath chloroplasts, which have a lower content of light-harvesting pigment-protein complex. The role of chlorophyll-protein complexes was further investigated by monitoring the temperature-induced spectral changes of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts isolated from lincomycin-treated maize plants where lincomycin selectively inhibits the biosynthesis of specific chlorophyll-protein complexes. Results indicated that depletion of certain pigment-protein complexes in mesophyll chloroplasts made them more susceptible (a ca 4% vs ca 2% absorbance change upon cooling and a ca 6% vs ca 4% absorbance change upon heating) and less tolerant to temperature variation (a 76% vs 39% reversibility during ambient→Cooling→ambient temperature cycle). The data indicate that pigment-protein complexes play a significant role in protecting the chloroplast membranes against temperature variation.     

Paraveinal mesophyll: Review and survey of the subtribeErythrininae (Phaseoleae,Papilionoideae, Leguminosae)

Paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) is a distinctive anatomical feature of the leaf mesophyll of some plant taxa that may represent a specialized physiological compartment. A comprehensive review of the 42 published references that mention PVM or similar cell layers and a survey of 121 of the 272 species of all nine genera of thePhaseoleae subtribeErythrininae demonstrate that PVM is nearly exclusively found inLeguminosae. InLeguminosae, PVM is either rare or absent in subfamilyCaesalpinioideae, uncommon inMimosoideae, and extensively distributed amongPapilionoideae. In subtribeErythrininae, PVM is ubiquitous inErythrina, and occurs in four other genera. ThreeErythrininae genera (Apios, Mucuna, andCochlianthus) lack PVM. Unique chloroplast-poor, enlarged conical cells (pellucid palisade idioblasts) occur in 80 species ofErythrina but not in any other genus ofErythrininae.     

Occurrence of unstable PEP carboxylase in C4 grasses in the genus Spartina Schreb.

Abstract The aims of this work were to discover the distribution within the C₄ grass Spartina anglica of a PEP carboxylase which is very unstable during and after extraction, and to determine whether this unstable form occurs in other members of the genus. In S. anglica, only the leaf contains an unstable PEP carboxylase. Within the leaf only the major one of two isoenzymes is unstable, and this is located in the mesophyll cells. The unstable isoenzyme is inactivated during extraction and storage unless protected by bovine serum albumin or Triton X-100, and is inactivated in assay mixtures at optimum pH in the absence of PEP. Evidence is presented that inactivation is not due to degradation or inhibition during extraction and storage. The enzyme from leaves of Spartina species taxonomically closely related to S. anglica is also very unstable during and after extraction, but that from less closely related species is much more stable.     

Light effects on leaf development and photosynthetic capacity of Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam.

Rates of net CO₂ uptake were examined in developing leaves of Hydrocotyle bonariensis. Leaves that developed under high photosynthetically active radiation (48 mol m^-2 day^-1 PAR) were smaller, thicker, and reached maximum size sooner than did leaves that developed under low PAR (4.8 mol m^-2 day^-1). Maximum net CO₂ uptake rates were reached after 5 to 6 days expansion for both the low and the high PAR leaves. Leaves grown at high PAR had higher maximum photosynthetic rates and a higher PAR required for light saturation but showed a more rapid decline in rate with age than did low PAR leaves. To assess the basis for the difference observed in photosynthetic rates, CO₂ diffusion conductances and the mesophyll surface available for CO₂ absorption were examined for mature leaves. Stomatal conductance was the largest conductance in all treatments and did not vary appreciably with growth PAR. Mesophyll conductance progressively increased with growth PAR (up to 48 mol m^-2 day^-1) as did the mesophyll surface area per unit leaf area, but the cellular conductance exhibited most of its increase at low PAR (up to 4.8 mol m^-2 day^-1).     

Tissue specific variation of C-glycosylflavone patterns in oat leaves as influenced by the environment

A comparison is made between the flavone patterns accumulating in epidermal tissues and in the mesophyll of oat primary leaves grown in a phytotron and under field conditions. In developing leaves cultivated under standard conditions, varying patterns of two vitexin-derived O-rhamnosides and of one isovitexin O-arabinoside are produced in the basal region as the result of basal meristem activity. These patterns are tissue specific and differ quantitatively in the epidermis and the mesophyll. During the course of subsequent growth and differentiation, this pattern is constant as the compounds are moved upwards due to basipetal leaf growth. In comparison, the flavone patterns generated in the basal section of leaves grown in the field do not vary significantly. There is the additional accumulation of isoorientin O-arabinoside. Again flavone patterns are tissue specific, but in contrast to standard growth they are modified characteristically in those leaf tissues which are already morphologically differentiated. It is possible that the isovitexin moiety of the O-arabinoside is oxidized to the corresponding isoorientin derivative in the mesophyll. Moreover, field-grown leaves show a two-fold increase in flavone content in each leaf epidermis and a six-fold increase in the mesophyll when compared to the corresponding tissues of phytotron-grown leaves.